tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2890759294664203692024-02-07T19:35:24.130+08:00Islamic War HistoryPerang IslamAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-1476735199524459832011-02-24T21:04:00.004+08:002011-02-24T21:30:50.786+08:00Background Battle of trench-KHANDAQ<p>After their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_%28Islam%29" title="Hijra (Islam)">expulsion from Mecca</a>, the Muslims fought the Meccan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_%28tribe%29" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr">Battle of Badr</a> in 624,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a> in 625.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Although the Muslims neither won nor were defeated at the Battle of Uhud, their military strength was gradually growing. In April 626 Muhammad raised a force of 300 men and 10 horses to meet the Quraysh army of 1,000 at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr_%28city%29" title="Badr (city)">Badr</a> for the second time. Although no fighting occurred, the coastal tribes were impressed with Muslim power. Muhammad also tried, with limited success, to break up many alliances against the Muslim expansion. Nevertheless, he was unable to prevent the Meccan one.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt35-6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-Watt35-6-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>As with the battles of Badr and Uhud, the Muslim army used unconventional methods against their opponents (at Badr, the Muslims surrounded the wells, depriving their opponents of water; at the Battle of Uhud, Muslims made strategic use of the hills). In this battle they dug a trench to render the enemy cavalry ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramadan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-Ramadan-8"><span> See the video</span><span></span></a></sup></p><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwlaU6pgrouVSPe42C7v7N-kmf2q2AoK_oXK3kI2axKDqlIKFdfFkYoAKT77yckNMyVRubuTR7q56qEN-9lxg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-65322169064941525102011-02-24T21:00:00.002+08:002011-02-24T21:03:19.360+08:00Battle of the Trench-Summary<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOQ6GL1AvXdTfR3IzCmKtCbBpTJRl5x1Fll2LqHtmd2XjXmOhAyykEE7osdURdGB7eZFVZwvrgWFU8CpbTID8g-_rDn1nVLKY35z5nerwBC1nJXgJCqb0IwxrJ2MRPaWl6z-I7EcfT2usX/s1600/372px-Trench.bmp.png"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 518px; height: 342px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOQ6GL1AvXdTfR3IzCmKtCbBpTJRl5x1Fll2LqHtmd2XjXmOhAyykEE7osdURdGB7eZFVZwvrgWFU8CpbTID8g-_rDn1nVLKY35z5nerwBC1nJXgJCqb0IwxrJ2MRPaWl6z-I7EcfT2usX/s400/372px-Trench.bmp.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577240791708160690" border="0" /></a><br /><table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Battle of the Trench</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim">Muslim</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_%28tribe%29" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraish</a> Wars</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="infobox" style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; border:0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th> <td>March and April 627 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a><sup id="cite_ref-Watt_1956_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-Watt_1956-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawwal">Shawwal</a>, 5 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th> <td><span class="location">Surrounding perimeter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina">Medina</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th> <td>Failure of siege; Decisive Muslim victory</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Belligerents</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">Muslims</td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#The_Confederates" title="Battle of the Trench">Confederates</a> including <ul><li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_%28tribe%29" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a> of Mecca</li><li>the Jewish/Arab tribes of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Nadir">Banu Nadir</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li><li>Other Arab tribes such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banu_Murra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banu Murra (page does not exist)">Banu Murra</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaybar">Khaybar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huyyay_ibn_Auf_Murri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huyyay ibn Auf Murri (page does not exist)">Huyyay ibn Auf Murri</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Ghatafan">Banu Ghatafan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Assad">Bani Assad</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banu_Shuja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banu Shuja (page does not exist)">Banu Shuja</a>, and more (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#The_Confederates" title="Battle of the Trench">Confederates</a>)</li></ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Commanders and leaders</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad">Muhammad</a></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Strength</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">3,000<sup id="cite_ref-Rodinson_208_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-Rodinson_208-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em">10,000<sup id="cite_ref-Rodinson_208_2-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-Rodinson_208-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Casualties and losses</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">Light<sup id="cite_ref-statesman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-statesman-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em">Extremely Heavy<sup id="cite_ref-statesman_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#cite_note-statesman-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr> <th style=";background- font-size:90%;color:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><span style=";background- font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;color:#B0C4DE;" title="View this template" >v</span></a> <span style=";background- font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;color:#B0C4DE;" ><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><span style=";background- font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;color:#B0C4DE;" title="Discuss this template" >d</span></a> <span style=";background- font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;color:#B0C4DE;" ><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style=";background- font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;color:#B0C4DE;" title="Edit this template" >e</span></a></span></span></span> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0; line-height: 1.3em;"><span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Campaigns of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad">Muhammad SAW<br /></a></span></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part)</b><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_Raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravan Raids">Caravan Raids</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waddan" title="Battle of Waddan">Waddan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Safwan" title="Battle of Safwan">Safwan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Buwat" title="Invasion of Buwat">Buwat</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dul_Ashir" title="Battle of Dul Ashir">Dul Ashir</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Badr</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Salim">Banu Salim</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Eid_ul-Fitr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Eid ul-Fitr (page does not exist)">Eid</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zakat_ul-Fitr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zakat ul-Fitr (page does not exist)">Zakat</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sawiq" title="Battle of Sawiq">Sawiq</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thi_Amr" title="Battle of Thi Amr">Thi Amr</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ghatfan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ghatfan (page does not exist)">Ghatfan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Bahran" title="Invasion of Bahran">Bahran</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Uhud</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamra_al-Asad" title="Battle of Hamra al-Asad">Al-Asad</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dhatur-Riqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dhatur-Riqa (page does not exist)">Dhatur-Riqa</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Badru-Ukhra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Badru-Ukhra (page does not exist)">Badru-Ukhra</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dumatul-Jandal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dumatul-Jandal (page does not exist)">Dumatul-Jandal</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Nadir">Banu Nadir</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Trench</strong> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banu_Lahyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banu Lahyan (page does not exist)">Banu Lahyan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Mustaliq">Banu Mustaliq</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thi_Qerd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thi Qerd (page does not exist)">Thi Qerd</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Khaybar</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Mecca</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Hunayn</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Autas" title="Battle of Autas">Autas</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if" title="Siege of Ta'if">Ta'if</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hawazan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hawazan (page does not exist)">Hawazan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabouk" title="Battle of Tabouk">Tabouk</a><br /></span></p> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>Sirya (expeditions which he ordered)</b><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhla_Raid" title="Nakhla Raid" class="mw-redirect">Nakhla</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Qatan">Expedition of Qatan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejd_Caravan_Raid" title="Nejd Caravan Raid">Nejd</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Banu_Asad_bin_Khuzaymah" title="Raid on Banu Asad bin Khuzaymah">Banu Asad</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Abdullah_Ibn_Unais" title="Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais">Banu Lahyan 1</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tragedy_of_Al_Rajee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tragedy of Al Rajee (page does not exist)">Al Rajee</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tragedy_of_Bir_Maona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tragedy of Bir Maona (page does not exist)">Bir Maona</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hanifa">Banu Hanifa</a></span></p> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-62002508367398556362011-02-24T20:57:00.003+08:002011-02-24T21:00:35.187+08:00Battle of the Trench-khandaq<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQrdZBMXTNiP_RBlwULAtUz9JCzAjMXtxnVyCITdh7y35Q69ztnY2vpt_Ou4ciwAqzjERPEYCtxh2npiHYmSrt55amYe-PyfzebD67mwPgzC3ueXH0rBKdRAm6dhJkPT0SVSJYb2i2Fv4/s1600/battle.gif"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 198px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQrdZBMXTNiP_RBlwULAtUz9JCzAjMXtxnVyCITdh7y35Q69ztnY2vpt_Ou4ciwAqzjERPEYCtxh2npiHYmSrt55amYe-PyfzebD67mwPgzC3ueXH0rBKdRAm6dhJkPT0SVSJYb2i2Fv4/s400/battle.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577240058047764722" border="0" /></a><br /><p>The <b>Battle of the Trench</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i><span lang="ar"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">غزوة الخندق</span></span></i>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a>: <i><span title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Ghazwah al-Khandaq</span></span></i>) also known as <b>Battle of Ahzab,</b> <b>Battle of the Confederates</b> and <b>Siege of Medina</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <i><span lang="ar"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">غزوة الاحزاب</span></span></i>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a>: <i><span title="Arabic transliteration" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Ghazwah al-Ahzab</span></span></i>), was a fortnight-long siege of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Yathrib</a> (now <i>Medina</i>) by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arab</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish</a> tribes. The strength of the confederate armies is estimated around 10,000 men with six hundred horses and some camels, while the Median numbered 3,000. The battle began on March 31, 627.</p> <p>The largely outnumbered defenders of Medina, mainly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" title="Prophets of Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, opted to dig and fight the confederates from a trench. The trench together with Medina's natural fortifications rendered the confederate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry">cavalry</a> (consisting of horses and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_cavalry" title="Camel cavalry">camels</a>) useless, locking the two sides in a stalemate. Hoping to make several attacks at once, the confederates persuaded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> to attack the city from the south. However, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_as_a_diplomat" title="Muhammad as a diplomat" class="mw-redirect">Muhammad's diplomacy</a> derailed the negotiations, and broke up the confederacy against him. The well-organized defenders, the sinking of confederate morale, and poor weather conditions caused the siege to end in a fiasco.</p> <p>The siege was a "battle of wits", in which the Muslims tactically overcame their opponents while suffering very few casualties. Efforts to defeat the Muslims failed, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam">Islam</a> became influential in the region. As a consequence, the Muslim army besieged the neighbourhood of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_the_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of the Banu Qurayza" class="mw-redirect">Banu Qurayza tribe</a>, leading to their <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconditional_surrender">unconditional surrender</a>.</p> The defeat caused the Meccans to lose their trade and much of their prestigeAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-35655993933507154012011-02-24T20:50:00.003+08:002011-02-24T20:56:51.987+08:00Defeat after victory<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBJ1SOkecVHB1djSOBcH6Ez6AMNrxTn6QvveAO-g7DKTx49R-n9eCTBLfPxnHGix_LxTN1OvselNSymjGw0zupIn2p0kP0Hp5Z9TrLNmNjk3__GM1Qtwvs21wcJEwq5BhM36ECQ3PCtTzy/s1600/325px-Uhud.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 325px; height: 209px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBJ1SOkecVHB1djSOBcH6Ez6AMNrxTn6QvveAO-g7DKTx49R-n9eCTBLfPxnHGix_LxTN1OvselNSymjGw0zupIn2p0kP0Hp5Z9TrLNmNjk3__GM1Qtwvs21wcJEwq5BhM36ECQ3PCtTzy/s400/325px-Uhud.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577239174491275810" border="0" /></a><br /><p>We may mention here as to why the warriors of Islam were victorious. It was due to the fact that till the last moment of their victory they had no motive except that of jihad in the path of Allah, acquisition of His pleasure, conveying the message of Allah and the removal of every impediment in its path.</p> <p>Why were they defeated thereafter? It was because, after achieving victory, the aim and intention of most of the Muslims underwent a change. Attention towards the booty, which the army of Quraysh had themselves thrown in the battlefield and had fled, affected the sincerity of a large group and they ignored the orders given by the Prophet.</p> <p>Here are the details of the event: While explaining the geographical conditions of Uhud we had mentioned that there was a particular gap in the middle of Mt. Uhud and the Prophet had entrusted fifty archers under the command of Abdullah Jibir to guard the valley behind the battle front and had given these orders to the commander of the group: "Prevent the enemy from passing through the gap in the mountain by shooting arrows and don't vacate this point at any cost whether we are defeated or victorious".</p> <p>The fire of warfare blazed up on both the sides. Every time the enemies wished to cross this valley they were repulsed by the archers.</p> <p>When the army of Quraysh threw away their weapons and property on the ground and ignored everything else to save their lives, a few brave officers of Islam whose oath of allegiance was perfectly sincere pursued the enemy outside the battle-field. But the majority ignored the pursuit and placing their weapons on the ground began collecting the booty and imagined that the battle had come to an end.</p> <p>The persons guarding the valley behind the battle front also decided to avail of the opportunity and said to themselves: "It is useless for us to stay here and it is profitable that we too should collect the booty". Their commander, however, reminded that the Prophet had ordered that whether the Muslim army gained victory or was defeated they should not move from their post. Majority of the archers, who were guarding the passage, opposed their commander and said: "0ur staying here is useless and the Prophet meant only that we should guard this passage when the battle was in progress, but now the fighting has ended".</p> <p>On the basis of this false presumption forty men came down from the vigilance post and only ten persons remained there. Khalid bin Walid, who was a brave and experienced warrior and knew from the very start that the mouth of the passage was the key to victory and had attempted many times to reach at the back of the war-front through it, but had to face the archers, took advantage of the small number of the guards this time. He led his soldiers towards the backside of the Muslim army and making a surprise attack reached at the party of the Muslims. The resistance by the small group which was stationed above the mount could not prove effective till all the ten persons after putting up a tough fight were killed at the hands of the troops of Khalid bin Walid and Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl. Soon after that the unarmed and neglectful Muslims were subjected to a severe attack of the enemy from behind.</p> <p>After having gained possession of the sensitive point Khalid sought the collaboration of the defeated army of Quraysh, which was in a state of flight, and strengthened the spirit of resistance and perseverance of Quraysh with repeated shoutings and cries. On account of disruption and confusion, which prevailed in the ranks of the Muslims, the army of Quraysh soon surrounded the Muslim warriors and fighting commenced between them once again.</p> <p>This defeat was due to the negligence of those persons who vacated the passage for their material gains and unintentionally cleared the way for the enemy in such a manner that the mounted soldiers under orders of Khalid bin Walid entered the field from behind.</p> <p>The attack by Khalid was supported by an attack by Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl and unprecedented and surprising disorder prevailed in the forces of Islam. The Muslims had no alternative but to defend themselves as a scattered group. However, as liaison with the command had also been disrupted they did not succeed in defending themselves and suffered heavy casualties, so much so that some Muslim soldiers were inadvertently killed by other Muslims.</p> <p>The attacks by Khalid and Ikrimah strengthened the morale of the army of Quraysh. Their retreating forces re-entered the field and lent them support. They encircled the Muslims from all sides and killed a number of them.</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-37072023137153391372011-02-24T20:47:00.002+08:002011-02-24T20:49:27.294+08:00SUMMARY UHUD WAR<table class="infobox vevent" style="width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Battle of Uhud</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim">Muslim</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_%28tribe%29" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a> Wars</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="infobox" style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; border:0"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th> <td>19 March, 625</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th> <td><span class="location">The valley that is located in front of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Uhud">Mount Uhud</a>, and it is located about 5 mi (8.0 km) from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina">Medina</a></span><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img class="noprint" style="padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer;" alt="" title="show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" /><a href="http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Uhud&params=24_30_12_N_039_36_42_E_type:event_region:SA&title=Battle+of+Uhud" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°30′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">039°36′42″E</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img class="noprint" style="padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; cursor: pointer;" alt="" title="show location on an interactive map" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Erioll_world.svg/18px-Erioll_world.svg.png" /><a href="http://toolserver.org/%7Egeohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Uhud&params=24_30_12_N_039_36_42_E_type:event_region:SA&title=Battle+of+Uhud" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°30′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">039°36′42″E</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th> <td>Tactical Meccan victory<br />Strategically indecisive</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Belligerents</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">Muslims</td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em">Quraysh-led Meccan coalition</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Commanders and leaders</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Muhammad</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_ibn_%E2%80%98Abd_al-Muttalib">Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><b>†</b></a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali">Ali</a></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb">Abu Sufyan ibn Harb</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikrimah_ibn_Abi-Jahl">Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Strength</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">700 infantry,<br />2-4 cavalry</td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em">3,000 infantry,<br />200 cavalry<sup id="cite_ref-W136_0-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud#cite_note-W136-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Casualties and losses</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">70</td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em">44-45</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr> <th style=";background-color: #B0C4DE; font-size: 90%;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span><span style="float:left;width:6em;text-align:left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><span style=";background-color: #B0C4DE; font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=";background-color: #B0C4DE; font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad"><span style=";background-color: #B0C4DE; font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=";background-color: #B0C4DE; font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Muhammad&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><span style=";background-color: #B0C4DE; font-size: 90%;;background:none transparent;border:none;font-size:100%;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span> <div style="padding: 0.2em 0; line-height: 1.3em;"><span class="" style="font-size:110%;">Campaigns of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad">Muhammad SAW<br /></a></span></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>Ghazwah (expeditions where he took part)</b><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_Raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravan Raids">Caravan Raids</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waddan" title="Battle of Waddan">Waddan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Safwan" title="Battle of Safwan">Safwan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Buwat" title="Invasion of Buwat">Buwat</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dul_Ashir" title="Battle of Dul Ashir">Dul Ashir</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Badr</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Salim">Banu Salim</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Eid_ul-Fitr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Eid ul-Fitr (page does not exist)">Eid</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zakat_ul-Fitr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zakat ul-Fitr (page does not exist)">Zakat</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sawiq" title="Battle of Sawiq">Sawiq</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thi_Amr" title="Battle of Thi Amr">Thi Amr</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ghatfan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ghatfan (page does not exist)">Ghatfan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Bahran" title="Invasion of Bahran">Bahran</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><strong class="selflink">Uhud</strong> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamra_al-Asad" title="Battle of Hamra al-Asad">Al-Asad</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dhatur-Riqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dhatur-Riqa (page does not exist)">Dhatur-Riqa</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Badru-Ukhra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Badru-Ukhra (page does not exist)">Badru-Ukhra</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dumatul-Jandal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dumatul-Jandal (page does not exist)">Dumatul-Jandal</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Nadir">Banu Nadir</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Trench</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banu_Lahyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banu Lahyan (page does not exist)">Banu Lahyan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Mustaliq">Banu Mustaliq</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thi_Qerd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thi Qerd (page does not exist)">Thi Qerd</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Khaybar</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Mecca</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Hunayn</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Autas" title="Battle of Autas">Autas</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ta%27if" title="Siege of Ta'if">Ta'if</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hawazan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Hawazan (page does not exist)">Hawazan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabouk" title="Battle of Tabouk">Tabouk</a><br /></span></p> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><b>Sirya (expeditions which he ordered)</b><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhla_Raid" title="Nakhla Raid" class="mw-redirect">Nakhla</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Qatan">Expedition of Qatan</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nejd_Caravan_Raid" title="Nejd Caravan Raid">Nejd</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Banu_Asad_bin_Khuzaymah" title="Raid on Banu Asad bin Khuzaymah">Banu Asad</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_Abdullah_Ibn_Unais" title="Expedition of Abdullah Ibn Unais">Banu Lahyan 1</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tragedy_of_Al_Rajee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tragedy of Al Rajee (page does not exist)">Al Rajee</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tragedy_of_Bir_Maona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tragedy of Bir Maona (page does not exist)">Bir Maona</a> –</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hanifa">Banu Hanifa</a></span></p> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-23904784901044974042011-02-24T20:43:00.002+08:002011-02-24T20:46:58.956+08:00Background Battle of Uhud<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFICIWZSwaGNOoGX4-sk3YVmVEj_W-f65YsTxvQXtbnOb5WeNbcLblEE0Zc4XxMToER3LdldGBzdb1iK65WorEzQ_vWv9quLK2rhNROczWM_SiIRG64MT7MdSSVY4C87fG5FVfh39kh4Id/s1600/Battle_of_Auhad.gif"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 445px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFICIWZSwaGNOoGX4-sk3YVmVEj_W-f65YsTxvQXtbnOb5WeNbcLblEE0Zc4XxMToER3LdldGBzdb1iK65WorEzQ_vWv9quLK2rhNROczWM_SiIRG64MT7MdSSVY4C87fG5FVfh39kh4Id/s400/Battle_of_Auhad.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5577236437751976386" border="0" /></a><br /><p>Muhammad had preached the religion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam">Islam</a> in Mecca from 613 to 622. He had attracted a small community of followers, but also drew staunch opposition from the rest of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh_%28tribe%29" title="Quraysh (tribe)">Quraysh</a>, the clan that ruled Mecca and to which he belonged. The Muslims fled Mecca in 622 after years of persecution and established themselves at Medina (formerly known as <i>Yathrib</i>). The Quraysh had seized the properties and families of Muslims in Mecca and dispatched caravans, containing seized Muslim property to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus">Damascus</a> which the Muslims intercepted these caravans and raided them. The Meccans sent out a small army to punish the Muslims and stop their raiding. At the Battle of Badr in 624, a small Muslim force defeated the much larger Meccan army.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> Many Muslims considered this unexpected victory a proof that they had been favored by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> and believed they were assured such victories in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-W1423_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud#cite_note-W1423-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> A number of the leading tribesmen of Quraysh had been killed at Badr and so leadership passed to Abu Sufyan. He forbade the mourning of the losses at Badr, for he was eager to exact revenge upon Muhammad, vowing to conduct a retaliatory raid on the city of Medina. Several months later, Abu Sufyan accompanied a party of 200 men to the city, obtaining temporary residence with the chief of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> tribe <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Nadir">Banu Nadir</a> and learning more of the current situation in Medina. He and his party then left Medina, burning down two houses and laying waste to some fields in fulfillment of his vow. Further skirmishes between the Meccans and the Muslims would occur thereafterAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-24548984691848410802009-06-26T09:25:00.001+08:002009-06-26T09:27:27.466+08:00Background-Battle of Uhud<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> had preached the religion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in Mecca from 613 to 622. He had attracted a small community of followers, but also drew staunch opposition from the rest of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, the clan that ruled Makkah and to which he belonged. The Muslims fled Mecca in 622 after years of persecution and established themselves at Medina (formerly known as <i>Yathrib</i>). As such, they considered themselves to be in a state of war with Mecca and raided Meccan caravans. The Meccans sent out a small army to punish the Muslims and stop their raiding. At the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> in 624, a small Muslim force defeated the much larger Meccan army.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud#cite_note-2"><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> Many Muslims considered this unexpected victory a proof that they had been favored by God and believed they were assured such victories in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-W1423_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud#cite_note-W1423-3"><span></span><span></span></a></sup> A number of the leading tribesmen of Quraysh had been killed at Badr and so leadership passed to Abu Sufyan. He forbade the mourning of the losses at Badr, for he was eager to exact revenge upon Muhammad, vowing to conduct a retaliatory raid on the city of Medina. Several months later, Abu Sufyan accompanied a party of 200 men to the city, obtaining temporary residence with the chief of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish" title="Jewish" class="mw-redirect">Jewish</a> tribe <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a> and learning more of the current situation in Medina. He and his party then left Medina, burning down two houses and laying waste to some fields in fulfillment of his vow. Further skirmishes between the Meccans and the Muslims would occur thereafter.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-54728405447253292242009-05-26T14:42:00.002+08:002009-05-26T14:43:46.336+08:00Battle of Uhud<p style="text-align: justify;">The <b>Battle of Uhud</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" lang="ar">غزوة أحد</span> <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic" class="Unicode" style="white-space: normal; text-decoration: none;" lang="ar-Latn" lang="ar-Latn">Ġazwat ‘Uḥud</span></i>) was fought on 19 March 625 (3 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawwal" title="Shawwal">Shawwal</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_AH" title="3 AH">3 AH</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>) at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Uhud" title="Mount Uhud">Mount Uhud</a>, in what is now north-western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-W136_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud#cite_note-W136-0" title=""><span></span></a></sup>It occurred between a force from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> community of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and a force led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan ibn Harb</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_%28Islam%29" title="Hijra (Islam)">ḥijra</a></i>). The Battle of ‘Uḥud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, preceded by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a> in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated the larger Meccan army. Marching out from Mecca towards Medina on 11 March 625, the Meccans desired to avenge their losses at Badr and strike back at Muhammad. The Muslims readied for war soon afterwards and the two armies fought on the slopes and plains of ‘Uḥud.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Whilst heavily outnumbered, the Muslims gained the early initiative and forced the Meccan lines back, thus leaving much of the Meccan camp unprotected. As the Muslims left their assigned posts to despoil the Meccan camp, a surprise attack from the Meccan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> brought chaos to the Muslim ranks. Many Muslims were killed, and they withdrew up the slopes of ‘Uḥud. The Meccans did not pursue the Muslims further, but marched back to Mecca declaring victory.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> For the Muslims, the battle was a significant setback: although they had been close to routing the Meccans a second time, their desire for the Meccan spoils reaped severe consequences. The two armies would meet again in 627 at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of the Trench</a>.</div>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-47555270733240012922009-05-19T11:45:00.003+08:002009-05-19T11:52:40.729+08:00Historical sources<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Badr in the Qur'an</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The Battle of Badr is one of the few battles explicitly discussed in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. It is even mentioned by name as part of a comparison with the Battle of Uhud.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> <blockquote> <p><b>Qur'an: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-i-Imran" title="Al-i-Imran">Al-i-Imran</a></b> <a href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/003.qmt.html#003.123" class="external text" title="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/003.qmt.html#003.123" rel="nofollow">3:123–125</a> <sup>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup>. “<i>Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus May ye show your gratitude.<b>§</b> Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: "Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (Specially) sent down?<b>§</b> "Yea, - if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels Making a terrific onslaught.<b>§</b></i>”</p> </blockquote> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Abdullah Yusuf Ali</a>, the term "gratitude" may be a reference to discipline. At Badr, the Muslim forces had allegedly maintained firm discipline, whereas at Uhud they broke ranks to pursue the Meccans, allowing Meccan cavalry to flank and rout their army. The idea of Badr as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furqan" title="Furqan">furqan</a>, an Islamic miracle, is mentioned again in the same surah.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> <blockquote> <p><b>Qur'an: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-i-Imran" title="Al-i-Imran">Al-i-Imran</a></b> <a href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/003.qmt.html#003.013" class="external text" title="http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/003.qmt.html#003.013" rel="nofollow">3:13</a> <sup>(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Yusuf Ali</a>)</sup>. “<i>There has already been for you a Sign in the two armies that met (in combat): One was fighting in the cause of Allah, the other resisting Allah; these saw with their own eyes Twice their number. But Allah doth support with His aid whom He pleaseth. In this is a warning for such as have eyes to see.</i>”</p> </blockquote> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Badr is also the subject of Sura 8: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Anfal" title="Al-Anfal">Al-Anfal</a></i>, which details military conduct and operations. "Al-Anfal" means "the spoils" and is a reference to the post-battle discussion in the Muslim army over how to divide up the plunder from the Quraishi army. Though the Sura does not name Badr, it describes the battle, and several of the verses are commonly thought to have been from or shortly after the battle.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Traditional Muslim accounts</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography of early Islam</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Most knowledge of the Battle of Badr comes either from the traditional Islamic accounts, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" title="Quran" class="mw-redirect">Quran</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiths" title="Hadiths" class="mw-redirect">hadiths</a> (records of the life and times of Muhammad). In the English speaking world, it is not known if there are earlier written records other than the traditional Islamic accounts since Arabic at that time in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijaz" title="Hijaz" class="mw-redirect">hijaz</a> was primarily an oral language. People relied mostly on oral traditions.</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-64654780896763603152009-05-14T14:32:00.005+08:002009-05-14T14:42:40.802+08:00Aftermath-badr<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Casualties and Prisoners</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bukhari" title="Al-Bukhari" class="mw-redirect">Al-Bukhari</a> lists Meccan losses as seventy dead and seventy captured.This would be 15%-16% of the Quraishi army, unless the actual number of Meccan troops present at Badr was significantly lower, in which case the percentage of troops lost would have been higher. 'Ali ibn Abu Talib alone accounted for 18 of the dead Meccans. Muslim losses are commonly listed at fourteen killed, about 4% of their engaged forces. Sources do not indicate the number of wounded on either side.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">During the course of the fighting, the Muslims took a number of Meccan Quraish prisoner. Their fate sparked an immediate controversy in the Muslim army. There was no evidence of imprisonment, and in fact the prisoners were kept safe and catered for during that period. In the case of Umayyah, his former slave <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilal_ibn_al-Harith" title="Bilal ibn al-Harith">Bilal</a> was so intent on killing him that his companions even stabbed one of the Muslims guarding Umayyah.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Shortly before he departed Badr, Muhammad also gave the order for over twenty of the dead Quraishis to be buried in the well at Badr. Multiple hadiths refer to this incident, which was apparently a major cause for outrage among the Quraish of Mecca. Shortly thereafter, several Muslims who had been recently captured by allies of the Meccans were brought into the city of Mecca and executed in revenge for the defeat.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">According to the traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_feud" title="Blood feud" class="mw-redirect">blood feud</a> (similar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Law" title="Blood Law">Blood Law</a>) any Meccans related to those killed at Badr would feel compelled to take vengeance against members of the tribe who had killed their relatives. On the Muslim side, there was also a heavy desire for vengeance, as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_by_the_Meccans" title="Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans">they had been persecuted</a> and tortured by the Quraishi Meccans for years. However, after the initial executions, the surviving prisoners were quartered with Muslim families in Medina and treated well, either as kin or as possible sources of ransom revenue.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><span class="mw-headline">Implications</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The Battle of Badr was extremely influential in the rise of two men who would determine the course of history on the Arabian peninsula for the next century. The first was Muhammad, who was transformed overnight from a Meccan outcast into a major leader. Marshall Hodgson adds that Badr forced the other Arabs to "regard the Muslims as challengers and potential inheritors to the prestige and the political role of the [Quraish]." The victory at Badr also allowed Muhammad to consolidate his own position at Medina. Shortly thereafter he expelled the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a>, one of the Jewish tribes at Medina that had been threatening his political position. At the same time <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Ubayy" title="Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy">Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy</a>, Muhammad's chief opponent in Medina, found his own position seriously weakened. Henceforth, he would only be able to mount limited challenges to Muhammad.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The other major beneficiary of the Battle of Badr was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sufyan" title="Abu Sufyan" class="mw-redirect">Abu Sufyan</a>. The death of Amr ibn Hashim, as well as many other Quraishi nobles gave Abu Sufyan the opportunity, almost by default, to become chief of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraish" title="Quraish" class="mw-redirect">Quraish</a>. As a result, when Muhammad marched into Mecca six years later, it was Abu Sufyan who helped negotiate its peaceful surrender. Abu Sufyan subsequently became a high-ranking official in the Muslim Empire, and his son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muawiya" title="Muawiya" class="mw-redirect">Muawiya</a> would later go on to found the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">In later days having fought at Badr became so significant that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> included a complete name-by-name roster of the Muslim army in his biography of Muhammad. In many hadiths, individuals who fought at Badr are identified as such as a formality, and they may have even received a stipend in later years.The death of the last of the Badr veterans occurred during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Islamic_civil_war" title="First Islamic civil war" class="mw-redirect">First Islamic civil war</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">As Paul K. Davis sums up, "Mohammed’s victory confirmed his authority as leader of Islam; by impressing local tribes that joined him, the expansion of Islam began."</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-66885905070427531412009-05-13T11:06:00.002+08:002009-05-13T11:18:45.752+08:00The Day of Battle-badr<p style="text-align: justify;">At midnight on March 17, the Quraish broke camp and marched into the valley of Badr. It had rained the previous day and they struggled to move their horses and camels up the hill of 'Aqanqal. After they descended from 'Aqanqal, the Meccans set up another camp inside the valley. While they rested, they sent out a scout, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayr_ibn_Wahb" title="Umayr ibn Wahb">Umayr ibn Wahb</a> to reconnoitre the Muslim lines. Umayr reported that Muhammad's army was small, and that there were no other Muslim reinforcements which might join the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-15" title=""><span></span></a></sup> However, he also predicted extremely heavy Quraishi casualties in the event of an attack (One hadith refers to him seeing "the camels of [Medina] laden with certain death").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-16" title=""><span></span></a></sup> This further demoralized the Quraish, as Arab battles were traditionally low-casualty affairs, and set off another round of bickering among the Quraishi leadership. However, according to Arab traditions Amr ibn Hishām quashed the remaining dissent by appealing to the Quraishi's sense of honor and demanding that they fulfill their blood vengeance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-17" title=""><span></span></a></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-17" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The battle started with champions from both armies emerging to engage in combat. Three of the Ansar emerged from the Muslim ranks, only to be shouted back by the Meccans, who were nervous about starting any unnecessary feuds and only wanted to fight the Quraishi Muslims. So the Muslims sent out Ali, Ubaydah, and Hamzah. The Muslims dispatched the Meccan champions in a three-on-three melee, Hamzah killed his victim on very first strike although Ubaydah was mortally wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-18" title=""><span></span></a></sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-18" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Now both armies began firing arrows at each other. Two Muslims and an unknown number of Quraish were killed. Before the battle started, Muhammad had given orders for the Muslims to attack with their ranged weapons, and only engage the Quraish with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee" title="Melee">melee</a> weapons when they advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-19" title=""><span></span></a></sup> Now he gave the order to charge, throwing a handful of pebbles at the Meccans in what was probably a traditional Arabian gesture while yelling "Defaced be those faces!"<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong176_20-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-armstrong176-20" title=""><span></span></a></sup>The Muslim army yelled <i>"Yā manṣūr amit!"</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-22" title=""><span></span></a></sup> and rushed the Quraishi lines. The Meccans, understrength and unenthusiastic about fighting, promptly broke and ran. The battle itself only lasted a few hours and was over by the early afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong176_20-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-armstrong176-20" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup>. The Qur'an describes the force of the Muslim attack in many verses, which refer to thousands of angels descending from Heaven at Badr to slaughter the Quraish.<sup id="cite_ref-lings148_21-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-lings148-21" title=""><span> </span></a></sup>It should be noted that early Muslim sources take this account literally, and there are several hadith where Muhammad discusses the Angel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibreel" title="Jibreel" class="mw-redirect">Jibreel</a> and the role he played in the battle.</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-13529340936588670492009-05-09T21:15:00.001+08:002009-05-09T21:17:11.855+08:00The Meccan Plan<p>By contrast, while little is known about the progress of the Quraishi army from the time it left Mecca until its arrival just outside Badr, several things are worth noting: although many Arab armies brought their women and children along on campaigns both to motivate and care for the men, the Meccan army did not. Also, the Quraish apparently made little or no effort to contact the many tribes allies they had scattered throughout the Hijaz.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-11" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup> Both facts suggest the Quraish lacked the time to prepare for a proper campaign in their haste to protect the caravan. Besides it is believed since they knew they had outnumbered the Muslims by three to one, they expected an easy victory.</p><p><br /></p> When the Quraishi reached Juhfah, just south of Badr, they received a message from Abu Sufyan telling them the caravan was safely behind them, and that they could therefore return to Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-12" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup> At this point, according to Karen Armstrong, a power struggle broke out in the Meccan army. Abu Jahl wanted to continue, but several of the clans present, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Zuhrah" title="Banu Zuhrah">Banu Zuhrah</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Adi" title="Banu Adi">Banu Adi</a>, promptly went home. Armstrong suggests they may have been concerned about the power that Abu Jahl would gain from crushing the Muslims. A contingent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a>, hesitant to fight their own clansmen, also left with them.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-13" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup>Despite these losses, Abu Jahl was still determined to fight, boasting "We will not go back until we have been to Badr." During this period, Abu Sufyan and several other men from the caravan joined the main army.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-87221943195425051422009-05-07T19:05:00.003+08:002009-05-09T21:14:55.637+08:00Badar-Muslims Plan<p>Around this time word reached the Muslim army about the departure of the Meccan army. Muhammad immediately called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a>, since there was still time to retreat and because many of the fighters there were recent converts (Called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansar" title="Ansar">Ansar</a></i> or "Helpers" to distinguish them from the Quraishi Muslims), who had only pledged to defend Medina. Under the terms of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Medina" title="Constitution of Medina">Constitution of Medina</a>, they would have been within their rights to refuse to fight and leave the army. However, according to tradition, they pledged to fight as well, with Sa'd bin 'Ubada declaring, "If you [Muhammad] order us to plunge our horses into the sea, we would do so."<sup id="cite_ref-book19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-book19-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the Muslims still hoped to avoid a pitched battle and continued to march towards Badr.</p><p><br /></p> <p>By March 15 both armies were about a day's march from Badr. Several Muslim warriors (including, according to some sources, Ali) who had ridden ahead of the main column captured two Meccan water carriers at the Badr wells. Expecting them to say they were with the caravan, the Muslims were horrified to hear them say they were with the main Quraishi army.<sup id="cite_ref-book19_8-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-book19-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Some traditions also say that, upon hearing the names of all the Quraishi nobles accompanying the army, Muhammad exclaimed "Mecca hath thrown unto you the best morsels of her liver."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> The next day Muhammad ordered a forced march to Badr and arrived before the Meccans.</p><p><br /></p> The Badr wells were located on the gentle slope of the eastern side of a valley called "Yalyal". The western side of the valley was hemmed in by a large hill called 'Aqanqal. When the Muslim army arrived from the east, Muhammad initially chose to form his army at the first well he encountered. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hubab_ibn_al-Muhdir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubab ibn al-Muhdir (page does not exist)">Hubab ibn al-Muhdir</a>, however, asked him if this choice was divine instruction or Muhammad's own opinion. When Muhammad responded in the latter, he suggests the Muslims occupy the well closest to the Quraishi army, and block off the other ones. Muhammad accepted this decision and moved right away. According to Tariq Ramadan, this shows that Muhammad was not an autocratic leader, and allowed his followers to contradict him without considering this as a sign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">disrespect</a>.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-40308790946182443392009-05-05T23:07:00.004+08:002009-05-09T21:14:55.638+08:00Battle-perang badar<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbEgeyJr3cBko5p7QF7YQtLqfrLHHOyQ_yhwdYBwvZMK3jwI9fECiGywo5xX4ZQ60kAUxgS3ADo4nubfT_wcgYNi6MmvroUP3au60Z8mTLTbYP0CMLH5WcZklbx4Ieu6rrHiV7ffeBA0q-/s1600-h/peta.GIF"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 200px; height: 290px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbEgeyJr3cBko5p7QF7YQtLqfrLHHOyQ_yhwdYBwvZMK3jwI9fECiGywo5xX4ZQ60kAUxgS3ADo4nubfT_wcgYNi6MmvroUP3au60Z8mTLTbYP0CMLH5WcZklbx4Ieu6rrHiV7ffeBA0q-/s400/peta.GIF" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5332360386795169010" border="0" /></a><br /><p>In the spring of 624, Muhammad received word from his intelligence sources that a trade caravan, commanded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sufyan" title="Abu Sufyan" class="mw-redirect">Abu Sufyan</a> and guarded by thirty to forty men, was traveling from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> back to Mecca. Muhammad gathered an army of 313 men, the largest army the Muslims had put in the field yet.</p><p><br /></p> <p><a name="The_March_to_Badr" id="The_March_to_Badr"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">The March to Badr</span></h3> <p>Muhammad commanded the army himself and brought many of his top lieutenants, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib" class="mw-redirect">Hamzah</a> and future <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphs" title="Caliphs" class="mw-redirect">Caliphs</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>. The Muslims also brought seventy camels and two horses, meaning that they either had to walk or fit three to four men per camel<span style="text-decoration: underline;">.</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-1" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup> However, many early Muslim sources, including the Qur'an, indicate that no serious fighting was expected,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-2" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup> and the future Caliph <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> stayed behind to care for his sick wife. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-3" title=""><span></span></a></sup></p><p><br /><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-3" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p> <p>As the caravan approached Medina, Abu Sufyan began hearing from travelers and riders about Muhammad's planned ambush. He sent a messenger named Damdam to Mecca to warn the Quraish and get reinforcements. Alarmed, the Quraish assembled an army of 900-1000 men to rescue the caravan. Many of the Quraishi nobles, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_Hish%C4%81m" title="Amr ibn Hishām">Amr ibn Hishām</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_ibn_Utba" title="Walid ibn Utba">Walid ibn Utba</a>, Shaiba, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayah_ibn_Khalaf" title="Umayah ibn Khalaf" class="mw-redirect">Umayah ibn Khalaf</a>, joined the army. Their reasons varied: some were out to protect their financial interests in the caravan; others wanted to avenge Ibn al-Hadrami, the guard killed at Nakhlah; finally, a few must have wanted to take part in what was expected to be an easy victory against the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-4" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup>Amr ibn Hishām is described as shaming at least one noble, Umayah ibn Khalaf, into joining the expedition. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-5" title=""><span></span></a></sup></p><p><br /><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-5" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p> By this time Muhammad's army was approaching the wells where he planned to waylay the caravan, at Badr, along the Syrian trade route where the caravan would be expected to stop. However, several Muslim scouts were discovered by scouts from the caravan<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-6" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup> and Abu Sufyan made a hasty turn towards <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a>.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-20692593269754260862009-05-03T23:22:00.003+08:002009-05-09T21:14:55.638+08:00Background<h2><span class="mw-headline">Background</span></h2> <p><a name="Muhammad" id="Muhammad"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">Nabi </span><span class="mw-headline">Muhammad</span></h3> <div class="rellink noprint relarticle mainarticle"><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad"></a></div> <p style="text-align: justify;">At the time of the battle, Arabia was sparsely populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>; pastoral <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> organized in tribes; some were agriculturalists living either in oases in the north or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>). The majority of Arabs were adherents of numerous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic" title="Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect">polytheistic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>. There were also tribes that followed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Muhammad was born in Mecca around 570 AD into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banū Hāshim</a> clan of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraish" title="Quraish" class="mw-redirect">Quraish</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>. When he was about forty years old, he is said to have experienced a divine revelation while he was meditating in a cave outside Mecca. He began to preach to his kinfolk first privately and then publicly. Response to his preaching both attracted followers and antagonized others. During this period Muhammad was protected by his uncle <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Talib" title="Abu Talib" class="mw-redirect">Abū Tālib</a>. When his uncle died in 619, the leadership of the Banū Hāshim passed to one of Muhammad's enemies, 'Amr ibn Hishām, who withdrew the protection and stepped up persecution of the Muslim community. The hatred many Muslims have towards Hishām can be seen in his nickname, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_%28Arabic_term%29" title="Abu (Arabic term)" class="mw-redirect">Abū</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahl" title="Jahl" class="mw-redirect">Jahl</a>" (Father of Ignorance), which is how the majority of Muslims know him today.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">In 622, with open acts of violence being committed against the Muslims by their fellow Quraishi tribesmen, Muhammad and many of his followers fled to the neighboring city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>. This migration is called the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_%28Islam%29" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a></i> and marked the beginning of Muhammad's reign as both a political as well as a religious leader.</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-289075929466420369.post-7314248848322182792009-05-03T23:18:00.002+08:002009-05-09T21:14:55.638+08:00Battle of Badr/ badar<p style="text-align: justify;">The <b>Battle of Badr</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" lang="ar">غزوة بدر</span>), fought March 17, 624 AD (17 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan_%28calendar_month%29" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadan</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_AH" title="2 AH">2 AH</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region of western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia" title="Arabia" class="mw-redirect">Arabia</a> (present-day <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>), was a key battle in the early days of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and a turning point in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s struggle with his opponents among the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quraish" title="Quraish" class="mw-redirect">Quraish</a><sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr#cite_note-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. The battle has been passed down in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam" class="mw-redirect">Islamic history</a> as a decisive victory attributable to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">divine intervention</a>, or by secular sources to the genius of Muhammad. Although it is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Muslim holy book, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27%C4%81n" title="Qur'ān" class="mw-redirect">Qur'ān</a>, virtually all contemporary knowledge of the battle at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badr" title="Badr" class="mw-redirect">Badr</a> comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Prior to the battle, the Muslims and Meccans had fought several smaller <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmishes" title="Skirmishes" class="mw-redirect">skirmishes</a> in late 623 and early 624, as the Muslim <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazw" title="Ghazw">ghazawāt</a></i> had become more frequent. Badr, however was the first large-scale engagement between the two forces. Advancing to a strong <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_%28military%29" title="Defense (military)">defensive position</a>, Muhammad's well-disciplined men managed to shatter the Meccan lines, killing several important Quraishi leaders including Muhammad's chief antagonist, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amr_ibn_Hish%C4%81m" title="Amr ibn Hishām">'Amr ibn Hishām</a>.<br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">For the early Muslims, the battle was extremely significant because it was the first sign that they might eventually defeat their enemies in Mecca. Mecca at that time was one of the richest and most powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pagan</a> cities in Arabia, which fielded an army three times larger than that of the Muslims. The Muslim victory also signalled other tribes that a new power had arisen in Arabia and strengthened Muhammad’s authority as leader of the often fractious community in Medina. Local Arab tribes began to convert to Islam and ally themselves with the Muslims of Medina; thus, the expansion of Islam began.</p>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17982001714222750893noreply@blogger.com0